- [Home](https://www.researchgate.net/directory/publications) - [Urology](https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Urology/publications) - [Medicine](https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Medicine/publications) - [Andrology](https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Andrology/publications) - [Semen](https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Semen/publications) ArticlePDF Available # Semen collection in Rusa timorensis under general anaesthesia by using ketamine-xylazine: Clinical study - January 2021 - [Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences](https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Iraqi-Journal-of-Veterinary-Sciences-2071-1255) 35(1):197-205 DOI: [10.33899/ijvs.2020.126614.1350](https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.126614.1350) - License - [CC BY](https://www.researchgate.net/deref/https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2F) Authors: [![Wan-Nor Fitri at Universiti Putra Malaysia](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/868046692425728-1583969867170_Q128/Wan-Nor-Fitri.jpg)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wan-Nor-Fitri) [Wan-Nor Fitri](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wan-Nor-Fitri) - [Universiti Putra Malaysia](https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia) [![Abd Wahid Haron at Universiti Putra Malaysia](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272653038649365-1442016958198_Q128/Abd-Wahid-Haron.jpg)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abd-Wahid-Haron) [Abd Wahid Haron](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abd-Wahid-Haron) - [Universiti Putra Malaysia](https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia) [![Faez Firdaus at Universiti Putra Malaysia](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/437738464651637/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_l.jpg)](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Faez-Firdaus) [Faez Firdaus](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Faez-Firdaus) - [Universiti Putra Malaysia](https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia) [![Siti Aimi Sarah](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/420791293341780/images/template/default/author/author_default_l.jpg)](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/SA-Sarah-2076621435) [Siti Aimi Sarah](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/SA-Sarah-2076621435) [Siti Aimi Sarah](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/SA-Sarah-2076621435) - This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet. Show all 11 authorsHide [Download full-text PDF](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348144946_Semen_collection_in_Rusa_timorensis_under_general_anaesthesia_by_using_ketamine-xylazine_Clinical_study/fulltext/5ff2f83d92851c13fee7f45d/Semen-collection-in-Rusa-timorensis-under-general-anaesthesia-by-using-ketamine-xylazine-Clinical-study.pdf) [Read full-text](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348144946_Semen_collection_in_Rusa_timorensis_under_general_anaesthesia_by_using_ketamine-xylazine_Clinical_study#read) [Download citation](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348144946_Semen_collection_in_Rusa_timorensis_under_general_anaesthesia_by_using_ketamine-xylazine_Clinical_study/citation/download) Copy link Link copied * * * [Read full-text](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348144946_Semen_collection_in_Rusa_timorensis_under_general_anaesthesia_by_using_ketamine-xylazine_Clinical_study#read) [Download citation](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348144946_Semen_collection_in_Rusa_timorensis_under_general_anaesthesia_by_using_ketamine-xylazine_Clinical_study/citation/download) Copy link Link copied ## Abstract and Figures There is a scarcity of information for a reliable and safe protocol for semen collection in R. timorensis. The induction of general anesthesia by Ketamine-Xylazine in both intravenous and intramuscular routes provides valuable information for the practicality of the procedure. Five healthy and matured Rusa timorensisstags, aged more than 3 years, weighing an average of 68.5 ± 2.4 kg were selected for this experiment. General anaesthesia was conducted by using a combination of Ketamine and Xylazine at the dosage of 2mg/kg, and 1mg/kg respectively in both intramuscular and intravenous routes. The procedure was performed from April to November 2012 resulting in 30 collections. The physiological parameters included were respiratory rate, heart rate and temperature before, during and post-procedure. The onset, recovery and total time are significantly different between IV and IM route at 5.13 ± 0.88 min, 7.47 ± 1.61 min, 18.67 ± 1.47 min, and 11.67 ± 1.44 min, 11.73 ± 1.03 min and, 29.07 ± 4.01 min respectively. Meanwhile, there is no significant difference in the duration time of anesthesia between IV and IM route at 15.27 ± 3.03 min and 17.40 ± 3.55 min respectively. Both routes provide the same success rate and yield the same semen quality, however, the intravenous route is desirable due to fast induction and recovery time. General anaesthesia is integral for the restraining of wild cervidae, intravenous route of drug administration should be considered for semen collection in Rusa deer. [![Semen parameters collected between the two routes of drug administration](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348144946/figure/tbl1/AS:976231487008769@1609763132203/Semen-parameters-collected-between-the-two-routes-of-drug-administration_Q640.jpg)](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Semen-parameters-collected-between-the-two-routes-of-drug-administration_tbl1_348144946 "Semen parameters collected between the two routes of drug administration") [Semen parameters collected between the two routes of drug administration\\ \\ …](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Semen-parameters-collected-between-the-two-routes-of-drug-administration_tbl1_348144946) Figures - available via license: [CC BY](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/) Content may be subject to copyright. ![ResearchGate Logo](https://www.researchgate.net/images/icons/svgicons/researchgate-logo-white.svg) **Discover the world's research** - 25+ million members - 160+ million publication pages - 2.3+ billion citations [Join for free](https://www.researchgate.net/signup.SignUp.html) Available via license: [CC BY](https://www.researchgate.net/deref/https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2F) Content may be subject to copyright. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 197 Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences www.vetmedmosul.com Semen collection in Rusa timorensis under general anaesthesia by using ketamine-xylazine: Clinical study W.N. Fitri1, H. Wahid2, F.F. Jesse1,3, S.A. Sarah6,7, M.L. Mohd-Azmi4, M. Azrolharith5, K. Zubaidah8, Y. Donny8, A. Zulhizri9, K.C. Yap10 and C.A. Azlan1 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, 2Desa Pinggiran Putra, 3Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, 4Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, 5Department of Medicine and Surgery of Farm and Exotic Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 6Faculty of Applied Sciences, 7Malaysia Institute of Transport, University of Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, 8Wildlife Veterinary Section, Ex-Situ Conservation Division, Department of Wildlife and National Park (DWNP), Peninsular, 9Department of Veterinary Service, Federal Government Administration Centre, Putrajaya, 10Borneo Rhino Alliance, Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia Article information Abstract Article history: Received February 02, 2020 Accepted April 07, 2020 Available online August 16, 2020 There is a scarcity of information for a reliable and safe protocol for semen collection in R. timorensis. The induction of general anesthesia by Ketamine-Xylazine in both intravenous and intramuscular routes provides valuable information for the practicality of the procedure. Five healthy and matured Rusa timorensis stags, aged more than 3 years, weighing an average of 68.5±2.4 kg were selected for this experiment. General anaesthesia was conducted by using a combination of Ketamine and Xylazine at the dosage of 2mg/kg, and 1mg/kg respectively in both intramuscular and intravenous routes. The procedure was performed from April to November 2012 resulting in 30 collections. The physiological parameters included were respiratory rate, heart rate and temperature before, during and post-procedure. The onset, recovery and total time are significantly different between IV and IM route at 5.13±0.88 min, 7.47±1.61 min, 18.67±1.47 min, and 11.67±1.44 min, 11.73±1.03 min and, 29.07±4.01 min respectively. Meanwhile, there is no significant difference in the duration time of anesthesia between IV and IM route at 15.27±3.03 min and 17.40±3.55 min respectively. Both routes provide the same success rate and yield the same semen quality, however, the intravenous route is desirable due to fast induction and recovery time. General anaesthesia is integral for the restraining of wild cervidae, intravenous route of drug administration should be considered for semen collection in Rusa deer. Keywords: Clinical Study Rusa timorensis Semen General Anaesthesia Correspondence: W.N. Fitri wannorfitri@upm.edu.my DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126614.1350, ©2021, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul. This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Introduction The deer industry is rapidly growing in the Asia region. In Malaysia, the deer industry has been developing from the 1980s, rearing deer species such as Damma damma, Axis axis, Cervus nippon, Cervus elaphusand Rusa timorensis (1). Despite years of developing the deer industry, assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as artificial Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 198 insemination in deer is still at its infancy. One of the major factors for the slow development ofART was due to the safety associated risk to the animals (2). The first step of developing ART is in the establishment of a safe and reliable method of semen collection in deer. There have been various studies published on general anaesthesia in other species of deer such as the white-taileddeer, sika deer and Chinese water deer (3-5). The scarcity of the ART in R. timorensis was reflected bythe limited studies insemen quality assessment (6). Limited work was done on the topic of semen extension in cryoprotectant of R. timorensis (7,8). Therefore, there is a need in the development of the protocol in this area that will encourage more research in deer reproduction and will open more doors for ART application in deer livestock. General anaesthesia indeer especially in R. timorensis are rarely studied yet is important for various veterinary procedures which include the semen collection. Semen collection is a procedure that is relatively safe and quick to perform however is often perceived as perilous and unnecessary to the animal (9). Semen collection using electroejaculation under general anaesthesia appears to be the only viable option in the untrained stag. Recently, semen collection using electroejaculation in the anaesthetized animal has been performed in deer and other wildlife to study the semen motility (10-13). Therefore, electroejaculation using general anaesthesia method is the most appropriate and efficient method currently favouring the welfare of the animal (14). This study was performed to investigate a reliable and safe protocol for semen collection by electroejaculator in Rusa timorensisunder general anaesthesia of ketamine- xylazine which was administered intravenous and intramuscular routes. Materials and Methods Animals and management Fivehealthy andmatured R.timorensis stags, aged morethan 3 years, weighingan averageof 68.5±2.4kg was selected for this experiment. The stags were weighed each time before general anaesthesia and semen collection procedure using a digital weighing machine installed in the crush. The deer were kept in a cyclone-fenced paddock managed as a herd together with hinds in Taman Pertanian University,Unit Ruminan Kecil,University Putra Malaysia. The stags were vaccinatedagainst foot and mouth disease (FMD) and dewormedregularly following the farm herd health program. Thedeer were allowedto graze paddockwith signalgrass, Brachiaria decumbens and additional supplement of cut and carry Napier grass and palm kernel cake was provided to the deer. Water was provided at ad libitum. This research was conducted under the monitoring and approval ofAnimal Care and Use Ethics Committee, Universiti Putra Malaysia (Reference Number: FPV/PU/B901). General anaesthesia The deer were herded from the paddock into the dark house as the deer are calmer in the dark house, which allowing for physical restraint in small-sized area (15). The head of the deer was controlled by farmer, while other person held the deer shoulder while exerting downward pressure to prevent the deer from jumping (16). General anaesthesia was conducted using a combinationof Ketamine and Xylazineat thedosage of 2mg/kg and, 1mg/kg respectively (17). Ketamine that was used inthis study is under the trade nameofNarketan® (Vetoquinol UK) whileXylazine wasRompun®(ParamountRx) where bothanaestheticdrugs was at 10%. Two mostcommon routes of general anaesthesiawere chosen for this study are theintravenous routevia the jugular vein (18) and intramuscular route viadeep gluteus maximusmuscle (19). The administration procedure of intravenous and intramuscular routesfor bothanaesthetic drugs was performed on each individual for twice in a month for a period of 8 months (April to November 2012). The total attemptsof general anaesthesia were 15 in each route (total of 30 attempts). The dosage for yohimbine given to the animalintravenously to revivethe animalwas at 0.1mg/kg(20). The time of onset for the drug totake action was recorded after drugadministration until the animal went to sternalrecumbency position.Time taken for the duration of anaesthesia was from recumbence until ejaculation.Recovery timewas the time taken after Yohimbine administration until the animal was on sternal recumbency.The animal was placedin rightlateral recumbency during the semen collection procedure. Physiological parameters monitoring Monitoring of vital signs are respiratory rate, heart rate and temperature were taken pre, peri and post anaesthesia procedure. Preanaesthesia periodistheparameter taken before the administration of drugs and it is from the period of a physical restraint. The data were pooled together for the intramuscular and intravenous route. Peri anaesthesia period is the parameter takenafterthe delivery of drugs either via the intramuscular or intravenous route. Post anaesthesia period is the time taken aftertheinjection of a reversal agent,Yohimbine intravenously to revivethe animal. During the anaesthesia procedure, three stages of respiratory and heart rates were recorded; early, middle and towards the end of the procedure atfiveminutes interval. The quality of anaesthesiainduction and recoveryweresubjectively evaluated based on the established method in white-tailed deer from a score of 1 to 5;1= excellent, 2=good, 3=fair,4=poor, and 5=unacceptable (21). The stageandplane of anaesthesia in deer were assessed according to a standard in deer (22) and maintained at deep plane during the electroejaculation procedure. Time of onsetwas taken after drug administration until theanimal went down tosternal Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 199 recumbency. Time taken for the duration of anaesthesia was from recumbency until ejaculation. Recoverytime was the time takenafter yohimbine administration until the animal was on sternal recumbency. Supplements were given intramuscularly, Vitavet®(Nova) containing vitamin A, B, C, D and E and, Catosal® (Bayer) consisting of vitamin B12, 10ml on each side of the rump as recommended on the label. Semen collection Semencollection wasperformed using electroejaculation(P-T Electronics, Boring, USA). Before electroejaculator probe was inserted, faeces were evacuated from the rectum. The electroejaculator probe was lubricated with KY-Jelly. A generous application of lubricant and gentle probe insertion was necessary due to the fold and sensitive layer of rectal mucosa in deer to prevent bleeding. The probe was inserted, retracted and repositioned preventing rectal mucosa fold trauma by gentle advancement of the probe. Probe insertion was gauged from a low voltage stimulation and slow increase of the voltage. Good response from the electric stimulation was observed by the hind limbs flexion. Semen was collectedin the graduated tube and quantify using a micropipette, while concentration of sperm wasachieved using semen counting chamber. Semen characteristics were compared to identify the difference between the two routes of drug administration. The best route of drug administration was chosen for semen motility. The choice of semen extender used was Andromed® based the best performing extender for R. timorensis (23). Semenwascollectedtwice monthly from each individual from months of April to November. Success in semen collection was noted in each collection session, the successrate was recorded and reportedasa percentage. Semencollection procedure wasconducted from a modifiedprotocolinwildlifespecies (10). The electrical stimulations were at a 3-sec-on and 1-sec-off rhythm, with 3 repetitions before subsequent volt increment and 1-minute rest between each series. Electrical stimulations were delivered into three parts; from 1V to 6V, restarting back from 1V to 12V, and finally from 1V to18V. During electrical stimulation, muscle contractionwas observed which also suggest appropriate contact of theprobe with rectal mucosa and stimulation to the sex glands. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20\. Data were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences between the mean time of intravenous and intramuscular routes. The means were considered significant at the level of P<0.05. One-way analysis of variance was also used in comparing intramuscular and intravenous parameters as well as comparing the temperature, pulse and respiratory parameters of pre (control), peri and post anaesthesia. Spearman rho was used to indicate correlations between parameters and the strength of correlation was reported based on general statistics rule: 0.90 to 1 very high, 0.70 to 0.90 high, 0.50 to 0.70 moderate, 0.30 to 0.50 low and 0.0 to 0.30 negligible correlation (24). Results The onset, duration, recovery and total time of anaesthesia procedure was recorded. There was a significant differencebetween onset, recovery andtotal time in intravenous and intramuscular routes. The onset, recovery and total time of anaesthesia for the intravenous route were 5.13 ± 0.88 min, 7.47 ± 1.61 min and 18.67 ± 1.47 min while intramuscular route were 11.67 ± 1.44 min, 11.73 ± 1.03 min and 29.07 ± 4.01 min respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the duration time of anesthesia between intravenous and intramuscular routes which were 15.27 ± 3.03 min and 17.40 ± 3.55 min. The results of onset, duration, recovery, total time and success of semen collection in different routes of drugs administered in R. timorensis are summarized in Table. There was no significant difference between the successes of semen collection compared between intravenous or intramuscular routes at 93.3% and 79%. There was a significantly high positive correlation between the duration time and totaltime in both intravenous and intramuscular routes with a Spearman's rho value of (ρ) = 0.834 and (ρ) = 0.861respectively. These correlations suggest that the duration time to achieve ejaculation is the main factor that contributes to the total time of anaesthesia in both routes. There was no significant difference between the successes of semen collection compared between intravenous or intramuscular routes at 93.3% and 79%. There was a significantly high positive correlation between the duration time and totaltime in both intravenous and intramuscular routes with a Spearman's rho value of (ρ) = 0.834 and (ρ) =0.861 respectively. These correlations suggest that the duration time to achieve ejaculation is the main factor which contributes to the total time of anaesthesia in both routes. The descriptive statistics of anaesthetic monitoring between intravenous and intramuscular were recorded in Table 2\. The parameters taken were heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature prior (pre), during (peri) and after (post) anaesthesia. The parameter for heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature in pre anaesthesia period was 115.5± 2.0 beats/min, 78.8± 1.7 bpm and 38.1±0.0 °C. The heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, stage, plane and quality during (peri) anaesthesia in intravenous and intramuscular were 79.1 ± 1.41 beats/min, 61.9 ± 1.6 bpm, 38.0 ± 0.0°C, 2.9 ± 0.0, 1.8 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.1 and 52.0 ± 6.1beats/min, 35.3 ± 2.9 bpm, 39.3 ± 0.3°C, 3.0 ± 0.0, 3.3 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.0 respectively. The heart rate was lower and the mean was Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 200 significantly different during and post anaesthesia in intramuscular compared to the intravenous route which was 52.0 ± 6.1 beats/min peri anesthesia then become 65.0 ± 5.0 beats/min post anesthesia and, 79.1 ± 1.4 beats/min peri anesthesia become 119.8 ± 2.0 beats/min post anesthesia respectively. The respiratory rate was also lower in intramuscular compared to intravenous routes which were, 35.3 ± 2.9 bpm peri anesthesia then become 36.7 ± 3.3 bpm post anesthesia and, 61.9 ± 1.6 bpm peri anesthesia then become 88.3 ± 2.1 bpm post anesthesia. The temperature was consistently higher and the mean was significantly different between intramuscular and intravenous routes prior, during and post anaesthesia at 38.1 ± 0.0°C, 39.3 ± 0.3°C, 39.3± 0.3°C and 38.1 ± 0.0°C, 38.0 ± 0.0°C and, 38.2 ± 0.1°C. The quality of anaesthesia was better and significantly different between intravenous and intramuscular routes during and post anaesthesia 1.0 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.0 and 3.0 ± 0.0, 2.3 ± 0.3. During anaesthesia, the plane of anaesthesia plunged toa deeper plane of anaesthesia in intramuscular route at plane 3.3 ± 0.3 compare to 1.8 ± 0.1 in intravenous route. Table 1: Onset, duration and recovery time in minutes (mean ± SEM) in general anaesthesia via intravenous and intramuscular routes in R. timorensis Parameters Intravenous Intramuscular Mean Range Mean Range Onset Time (min) 5.13 ± 0.88 a 1-15 11.67 ± 1.44 b 7-25 Duration Time (min) 15.27±3.03a\*\* 2-54 17.40 ± 3.55 a\*\* 6-51 Recovery Time (min) 7.47 ± 1.61 a 2-25 11.73 ± 1.03 b 4-22 Total Time 18.67 ± 1.47 a\*\* 12-32 29.07 ± 4.01 b\*\* 13-62 Success of semen collection (%) 93.3 \- 79 \- Onset time \- time taken from drug administration to recumbency. Duration time \- taken from probe insertion until ejaculation. Recovery time - time taken from lateral recumbency to sternal recumbency post I/V Yohimbine injection. Total time - time taken from onset towards the entire duration and recovery from anaesthesia. abMeans values in the same rows with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05. \*\*statistically significant correlation within column (P<0.01). I/V: intravenous. I/M: intramuscular. Table 1: The descriptive statistics between two routes of anaesthesia in R. timorensis Time Parameter Intravenous Intramuscular Mean ± SEM Range Mean ± SEM Range Pre Anesthesia H/R (beats/min) 115.5±2.0c 76.0-145.0 115.5±2.0c 76.0-145.0 R/R (bpm) 78.8±1.7c 32.0-112.0 78.8±1.7c 32.0-112.0 Temp (°C) 38.1±0.0c 37.1-39.1 38.1±0.0c 37.1-39.1 Peri Anesthesia H/R (beats/min) 79.1±1.4a,d 32.0-126.0 52.0±6.1b,d 40.0-60.0 R/R (bpm) 61.9±1.6a,d 22.0-110.0 35.3±2.9a,d 30.0-40.0 Temp (°C) 38.0±0.0a,c 36.0-39.0 39.3±0.3b,c 39.0-40.0 Stage (I to III) 2.9±0.0a 2.0-3.0 3.0±0.0a 3.0 Plane (1 to 4) 1.8±0.1a 1.0-4.0 3.3±0.3b 3.0-4.0 Quality (1-5) 1.0±0.1a 1.0-3.0 3.0±0.0b 3.0 Post Anesthesia H/R (beats/min) 119.8±2.0a,c 72.0-144.0 65.0±5.0b,c 60.0-80.0 R/R (bpm) 88.3±2.1a,c 42.0-130.0 36.7±3.3b,c 30.0-40.0 Temp (°C) 38.2±0.1a,c 37.0-39.1 39.3±0.3b,c 39.0-40.0 Quality 1.0±0.0a 1.0 2.3±0.3b,c 2.0-3.0 bpm=breaths per minute, H/R=heart rate, R/R=respiratory rate. Quality - Quality of anaesthesia was scored from 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor). Stage - Stage of anaesthesia was scored from Stage I (excitement) to Stage III (surgical anaesthesia). Plane \- Plane of anaesthesia was scored from Plane 1(light) to Plane 4 (excessive deep). ab Means values in the same rows with different superscripts are significantly different. cdMeans values in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different. The overall pattern of time for both onset and recovery time is faster in intravenous compared to the intramuscular routes of drug administration. The onset and recovery time are both different between intramuscular and intravenous route. The mean onset for intramuscular and intravenous routes are significantly different at 11.67 ± 1.44 min and 5.13 ± 0.88 min respectively. The time of onset is lower in intravenous compared to intramuscular route although on the second trial the standard error of mean overlapped. The consistent low time of onset suggests the high consistency and reliability of ketamine-xylazine administered intramuscularly. The standard error of mean is low in all Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 201 batch except the fourth in the intramuscular route which supports the choice of intravenous as the better route of drug administration in R. timorensis due to low variability in time of onset. The time of onset in the intravenous route in each batch is lower than the mean of intramuscular on all occasions. The mean recovery time for drug administration via intramuscular and intravenous route are significantly different at 11.73 ± 1.03 min and 7.47 ± 1.61 min respectively. The mean recovery time is shorter in intravenous compared to the intramuscular route. The variability in recovery time intravenous was higher in compared to the intramuscular route. However, the recovery time in the intravenous route is still shorter than the mean recovery time of the intramuscular route except for the second and sixth trial batch. When compared between batches of recovery time, only the sixth batch of the intravenous route has the mean recovery time higher than the intramuscular route. In addition to that, comparing the pre- anaesthesia, peri and post anaesthesia temperature, pulse and respiratory rate revealed that there was a significant difference between pre and peri anaesthesia pulse and respiratory while temperature has no significant difference. There was no significant differencebetween pre and post anaesthesia pulse and respiratory rate as well. The semen parameters collected between the two routes of drug administration were tabulated in Error! Reference source not found.. The semen parameters for intravenous route are general motility, wave pattern, semen concentration, semen volume and total semen concentration at 78.33 ± 2.71%, 3.50 ± 0.15, 1530.36 ± 247.61 × 106/ml, 1.16 ± 0.19 ml, and 1535.69 ± 400.86 × 106/ml respectively. Meanwhile the semen values for intramuscular route that was non-statistically significant different are 79.55 ± 4.69 %, 3.46 ± 0.16, 1191.97 ± 360.25 × 106/ml, 1.71 ± 0.65 ml and 1765.59±404.58 × 106/ml. Table 2: Semen parameters collected between the two routes of drug administration Parameter Intravenous Intramuscular Mean ± SEM Range Mean ± SEM Range General motility (%) 78.33 ± 2.71a 65.00 - 90.00 79.55 ± 4.69 a 50.00 - 95.00 Wave Pattern (1-5) 3.50 ± 0.15 a 3.00 - 4.00 3.46 ± 0.16 a 3.00 - 4.00 Semen Concentration (×106/ml) 1530.36±247.61a 37.50 - 3560.00 1191.97±360.25 a 37.50 - 4075.00 Semen Volume (ml) 1.16 ± 0.19 a 0.30 - 2.30 1.71 ± 0.65a 0.80 - 3.00 Total Semen Concentration (×106/ml) 1535.69±400.86 a 78.75 - 3854.40 1765.59±404.58a 165.00 - 4075.00 a Mean value in the same. Discussion General anaesthesia study has been performed successfully in various species of deer (25), and is an eminent in deer semen collection procedure. However, the study of general anaesthesia in relation to semen collection remains limited (26), though it is the only method of semen collection in untrained animals. Moreover, the recorded anaesthesia protocol in R. timorensis remains scarce (8). The knowledge gained from other species of deer that can be applied to the whole deer family, especially these species with lack of study. This is however inaccurate since the species-specific reaction to the drug may exist and extrapolation between species can be inappropriate as there are even differences across individuals of the same species (27). It was important to note that there was no mortality due to anaesthesia in this study since deer are known to be prone to hyperthermia, capture myopathy and trauma (28-30). Thus, there is a need to have a close monitor of the body temperature of the animal. Besides that, a cooling mechanism such as using a wet towel or water must be considered in the procedure. In a study, the use of anaesthesia was found to reduce the risk of mortality in capture animal which highlights the importance of anaesthesia in deer (20). Different from domestic animals, semen collection procedure requires the use of anaesthesia (31). Training stags for artificial vagina were no longer practiceddespite being the early method of semen collection in deer in the 1980s as the procedure was proven to be risky to the handler (32). A degree of training is also required for the stag to be used with artificial vagina which prompts further time and effort to train the animal as opposed to no training requirement in electroejaculation procedure (33). An anaesthetic protocol using a combination of Ketamine- Xylazine and reversal with Yohimbine is safe and practical to use in R. timorensis for the semen collection procedure. The same combination of Ketamine-Xylazine drugs and Yohimbine reversal was also recommended in spotted deer and was successfully applied for electroejaculation purpose (17). The total time taken for a successful semen collection procedure varied between intramuscular andintravenous routes. The time to obtain semen through electroejaculation is not a primary factor that contributes to the total time of the procedure as there is no significant difference between either two routes of drug administration. The result from our study which suggests that the time of anaesthesia between two routes of drug administration not having an effect on the total period of anaesthesia is consistent with a study in human with no difference in the time of discharge between routes of drug administration (34). Thus, the time difference was due to the Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 202 time of onset and recovery time as the correlation suggests. The time of onset for Ketamine- Xylazine is faster in the intravenous route than the intramuscular route. The pharmacodynamic of Ketamine distribution was found to be faster in the intravenous route compared to intramuscular contributing to the rapid onset of anaesthesia (35). The result ofthis study is aligned with a study suggesting Ketamine used intravenously in deer having rapid absorption (36). Ketamine has low bioavailability and reachesa slower time of effect in intramuscular posing to higher loading dose for the drug to take effect (37,38). Usage of Xylazine was reported toimprove sedation, muscle relaxation, induction and recovery in white-tailed deer (21). The onset time of Ketamine- Xylazine was slower in intramuscular as opposed to intravenous due to the different pharmacodynamics in the two routes of drug administration. The use of alpha2-antagonists such as Yohimbine provides better recovery to the alpha2-agonist drug like Xylazine. Yohimbine was reported to provide smoother recovery and shorter arousal postanaesthesia (21). Due to slower absorption of Ketamine- Xylazine in intramuscular route andresidual drug effects, prolonged recovery is expected (39). Subsequently, the recovery with Yohimbine was slower in intramuscular route with lower heart rate post anaesthesia at 65.0 ± 5.0 beats/min as opposed to intravenous 119.8 ± 2.0 beats/min. As a result, the satisfactory of recovery post anaesthesia in intramuscular contributes to the lower quality of anaesthesia at 2.3 ± 0.3 as opposed to 1.0 ± 0.0 in intravenous route. In conclusion, the total time taken for semen collection was influenced by the onset of Ketamine- Xylazine and the recovery time using Yohimbine as the reversal. This study highlights the success of semen collection by general anaesthesia via the intramuscular and intravenous route. There was no significant difference in the success of semen collection between both routes. Induction via intravenous is only practical in farm settings with the well- equipped dark house while intramuscular is commonly used in field settings. Establishment of venous access, risks related to venous access and maintenance of venous access are one of the few challenges in the field (40). However, there is no significant differencein the success of semen collection in R. timorensisin farm settings. Therefore, in either routes of drug administration, semen collection procedure should be considered. General anaesthesia using a remote delivery system via intramuscular is more common in wildlife, partially sedated or fully induced and can be maintained safely (20). The use of drugs to tranquillize animals for management procedure is more preferable than physical restraint alone and will improve the welfare of animal by controlling the effect it has on stress (28). The time of onset and recovery is significantly faster in intravenous compared to intramuscular. The breakdown of the results, however, revealed sporadic spike and reduction in the time taken for onset and recovery regardless of the route of drugs administration. The differences in time were explained by a study of Ketamine pharmacokinetic in the absorption and distribution in which intravenous route was faster than the intramuscular route (41). Moreover, Xylazine residue and elimination are more rapid in the intravenous route compared to the intramuscular route (42). Besides the pharmacokinetics, there are many factors that should be taken into account with the induction of Ketamine and Xylazine such as physiological, age and individual differences which could affect the drug effect (37). In deer, there might be different tolerance of individuals towards stress and handling. This trait was displayed by a recent study in R. timorensiswhich look into the different stress effect between different individuals which suggest different tolerance level towards handling and stress (43). Despite the fluctuation in data, this study suggests intravenous as the best rote of anaesthesia due to the better rate of onset and recovery time in R. timorensis. More importantly, the difference between onset and recovery time has an impact on the deer industry. The onset and recovery time in this study is shorter in the intravenous route compared to the intramuscular route. In fact, the impact of a shorter period of time in procedure due to the different drug administration routes may be a key factorinthe progress of assisted reproductive technology in deer. One of the important challenges of artificial insemination in domestic animals is in the cost incurred for the procedure (44). The case is especially true in case of cost for drugs administration which may take long recovery time warranting extended monitoring time (18). Reducing time in induction and recovery will allow for the reduction in cost incurred for semen collection by reducing operational time and manpower involved in the procedure and anaesthesia monitoring. Thus, reducing the time taken for semen collection procedure indirectly will contribute to the growth of artificial insemination in the deer industry. The benefit of the intravenous route of drug administration highlighted in this study will promote more artificial insemination procedures in the future. Both routes of drug administration have notable cardiovascular depression as an effect of Ketamine \- Xylazine anesthesia. However, the heart rate was lower in intramuscular compared tointravenous since the readings were taken after premedication with Ketamine- Xylazine. The lower heart rate suggests a calming effect and better stress management for the animal (28). Normal heart rate in deer is 60 beats/min (45) while the normal respiratory rate of deer is 16-20 breaths/min (22). The heart rate pre anaesthesia elevated as high as 126 beats/min due to restraint in this study then stabilized after the onset of anaesthesia. However, the recovery of the animal was delayed in the intramuscular route due to the slow distribution of drug intramuscularly and the deeper plane of anaesthesia. Hence, the advantage of the intravenous route of ketamine delivery was described as the ability to titrate the drug to effect and maintaining the Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 203 appropriate depth of anaesthesia (34). Consequently, a deeper plane of anaesthesia will require closer monitoring of anaesthesia and a higher risk of a failed procedure due to the emergency revival of the animal. The significant differences inpulse and respiratory rate between pre and peri in different routes of anaesthesia suggest that Ketamine-Xylazine provides distinct physiological parameter and profound cardiovascular depression in R. timorensis. The different pulse and respiratory in both routes also suggests that Ketamine and Xylazine were adequate in producing physiological sedation in R. timorensis. This is in line with the vital parameter from other deer and small ruminant during anaesthesia (46,47). However, the use of α2 adrenergic receptor antagonists such as Yohimbine is still warranted as a reversal for a smoother recovery (19). Meanwhile, there is no difference between pre and post anaesthesia which supports the physiological recovery of the animal to the former state before anaesthesia. Semen parameters in R. timorensishaveno significant differencebetween the different routes of drug administration. The results suggest that the methods to achieved general anaesthesia has no effect on the success and quality of semen parameters. Therefore,suggested that the data can for semen characteristics be used as a reference value and has a consistency comparable to a recent study in R. timorensis (23). The procedure of general anaesthesia for semen collection has been proven useful in domestic animals and has yielded good-quality semen (48). Conclusion General anaesthesia is crucial for the welfare of the animal during semen collection in wildlife and deer. The protocol is also an integral foundation for the development of ART in deer. Intravenous and intramuscular routes of Ketamine (2mg/kg) and Xylazine (1mg/kg) administration is safe and reliable in providing general anaesthesia for the purpose of semen collection in R. timorensis. However, the intravenous route is the best choice of general anaesthesia since it offers quick induction and recovery. Monitoring animal under general anaesthesia is vital for the safety and success of a protocol, information from this manuscript is filling in the data for a guideline to monitor anaesthesia in deer. The semen parameters using a combination of Ketamine \- Xylazine offers satisfactory results to semen motility. The success and semen parameters of semen collection via induction of intravenous and intramuscular are the same, therefore semen collection using electroejaculator should be considered as part of a common standard of breeding soundness evaluation in deer and other wildlife. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the staff of the University Putra Malaysia (UPM) Deer Breeding Unit, TPU, Mr Zulfakarudin Zamri, MrAzrul Hisham, Mr Jeeva a/l Krishnan and Ms Aznida Che Alli for their help with animal restraint during semen collection. We thank MrYap Keng Chee, Mr Ganesamurthi, Mr Fahmi Mahsuri, Mr Aizad and Mr Faizal for their assistance. Not forgetting Dr Zahidah Izzati Zeid for her technical consultation.This research was supported by University Putra Malaysia Grant 2016, GP- IPS/2016/9483300 and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), 07-01-16-1825FR. Conflict of interest The authors have no competing interest with other parties for this research. 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Doi: 10.1177/1098612X16679589.          Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2021 (197-205) 205                   ... This finding is supported by Mahmood (2022), who also reported that a ketaminexylazine combination led to a significant reduction in respiratory rate. The respiratory depression from xylazine is attributed to its action on central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, which reduces catecholamine release and central nervous system activity (Flecknell, 1998;Fitri et al., 2021) From a cardiovascular standpoint, the pulse rate analysis reinforces the relative safety of both regimens in our study. All CIs for pulse rate differences were narrow and crossed zero, indicating that any observed variations were small and consistent with random chance rather than a true, clinically relevant drug effect. ... ... All CIs for pulse rate differences were narrow and crossed zero, indicating that any observed variations were small and consistent with random chance rather than a true, clinically relevant drug effect. This is consistent with the findings of Mahmood (2022), who reported no significant adverse effects on heart rate with a low-dose ketaminemidazolam-xylazine combination, suggesting that careful dosing can achieve cardiovascular stability (Fitri et al., 2021). Furthermore, a notable finding was the superior postoperative analgesia provided by the Xylazine-Ketamine (XK) combination compared to Midazolam-Ketamine (MK). ... [Comparison of Physiological Effects of Two Anesthetic Protocols in Rabbits Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/404406727_Comparison_of_Physiological_Effects_of_Two_Anesthetic_Protocols_in_Rabbits_Undergoing_Orthopedic_Surgery) Article Full-text available - Apr 2026 - [H. P. Mana](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/H-P-Mana-2348731932) - [![Bada Abdulaziz](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/917104152805377-1595666077442_Q64/Bada-Abdulaziz.jpg)\\ Bada Abdulaziz](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bada-Abdulaziz) - [![Munir Ari Sani](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Munir Ari Sani](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Munir-Sani-3) - [![Az Hassan](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Az Hassan](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Az_Hassan) Rabbits present unique anesthetic challenges due to their high metabolic rate, stress susceptibility, and increased perioperative mortality risk. The physiological effects of two injectable anesthetic protocols Midazolam-Ketamine (MK) and Xylazine-Ketamine (XK) in rabbits undergoing orthopedic Surgery (implant removal) are compared in this study. A total of six rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups (n=3 per group) to receive either MK (5 mg/kg midazolam + 20 mg/kg ketamine) or XK (5 mg/kg xylazine + 20 mg/kg ketamine) intramuscularly. At baseline and at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after induction, core temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate were measured. The results showed that the XK combination caused severe respiratory depression immediately after induction (mean difference: −23.33 breaths/min, 95% CI: −25.31 to −21.35) and considerable hypothermia, with a mean temperature difference of −3.37°C after 60 minutes (95% CI: −4.51 to −2.22). While the Midazolam-Ketamine (MK) combination provided better physiological stability in maintaining normothermia and respiratory function, the Xylazine-Ketamine (XK) protocol offered more effective postoperative analgesia despite causing significant hypothermia and respiratory depression. These findings suggest MK may be a safer option for routine use, whereas XK may be considered when analgesia is prioritized and adequate supportive care is ensured. Furthermore, in resource-limited circumstances, Xylazine-Ketamine remains a feasible alternative when complemented with active warming and respiratory monitoring. [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/404406727_Comparison_of_Physiological_Effects_of_Two_Anesthetic_Protocols_in_Rabbits_Undergoing_Orthopedic_Surgery) Show abstract ... Combining ketamine with alpha-2 agonists can enhance the quality of induction and recovery by providing better analgesia and muscle relaxation \[3,16\]. The ketamine-xylazine (KX) combination has been extensively used for reliable immobilization in many cervid species, including white-tailed, Axis, Javan Rusa, desert mule, and Formosan sika deer \[10,\[17\]\[18\]\[19\]\[20\]. Despite the reversibility of alpha-2 agonist effects, issues such as dysphoria and poor recovery persist when using the KX combination due to dissociative-associated side effects \[6\]. ...\ \ ... The combination of xylazine and ketamine has been shown to alleviate the undesirable adverse effects of the latter, such as hyperexcitement and muscle rigidity, while producing adequate anesthesia for wildlife immobilization \[17\]. The results of this study support the validity of the ketamine-xylazine combination, although the doses of xylazine and ketamine used in Reeve's muntjac were higher than those used in other cervid species \[19,20,41\]. However, the doses used herein were similar to those in previous research on the ketamine-xylazine combination for Formosan sika deer anesthesia \[10\]. ...\ \ [Comparison of anesthetic effects of xylazine combined with alfaxalone or ketamine and maintained with isoflurane in captive Formosan Reeve’s Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388820917_Comparison_of_anesthetic_effects_of_xylazine_combined_with_alfaxalone_or_ketamine_and_maintained_with_isoflurane_in_captive_Formosan_Reeve's_Muntjac_Muntiacus_reevesi_micrurus)\ \ Article\ \ Full-text available\ \ - Feb 2025\ - IRISH VET J\ \ - [![Li-Jen Chang](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281513798277-1750806753498_Q64/Li-Jen-Chang.jpg)\\ Li-Jen Chang](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Li-Jen-Chang)\ - [Zixuan Wang](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Zixuan-Wang-2304993531)\ - [Chen-Yeh Lien](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Chen-Yeh-Lien-2281206836)\ - [Amanda H.C. Wen](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Amanda-HC-Wen-2304997863)\ \ Formosan Reeve’s muntjac is a Cervidae species endemic to Southeast China and Taiwan. However, research on different anesthetic protocols, their effects, and their safety in Formosan Reeve’s muntjac is limited. This study evaluated the effects of ketamine-xylazine (KX) and alfaxalone-xylazine (AX) administered via blow darts to nine muntjacs. Induction and recovery times as well as the quality were assessed by a blinded observer. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded for at least 30 min. Tolazoline (4 mg/kg) was used post-procedure to reverse xylazine’s effects. The mean doses were 4.68 ± 2.18 mg/kg for ketamine and 3.22 ± 1.33 mg/kg for xylazine in the KX group. In the AX group, the mean doses were 4.38 ± 0.31 mg/kg for alfaxalone and 1.19 ± 0.26 mg/kg for xylazine. The median induction times were 339.5 s (range 180.0-375.0) for KX and 125.0 s (range 71.0–334.0) for AX, with both groups scoring 3.0 for induction quality. The recovery times were 507.5 s (range 266.0–1081.0) for KX and 243.0 s (range 92.0–480.0) for AX, with recovery scores of 2.3 and 3.0, respectively, showing no significant difference. Hypoxemia (SpO2 < 90%) was more severe in the KX group when compared to the AX group (SpO2 > 92%), and rectal temperatures were higher in the former during the first 15 min. Heart and respiratory rates showed no significant differences between groups. Our findings demonstrate that both anesthetic combinations achieve reliable induction and satisfactory recovery in Formosan Reeve’s muntjac, with the ketamine-xylazine combination causing a more profound hypoxemia post-induction compared to the alfaxalone-xylazine combination.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388820917_Comparison_of_anesthetic_effects_of_xylazine_combined_with_alfaxalone_or_ketamine_and_maintained_with_isoflurane_in_captive_Formosan_Reeve's_Muntjac_Muntiacus_reevesi_micrurus)\ \ Show abstract\ \ ... The handling procedures play a significant role in the clinical values of Timor deer in this study. The clinical values of Timor deer under physical restraint in this study are generally different from the clinical values of Timor deer anesthetized intramuscularly with ketamine-xylazine as chemical restraint, as reported by Fitri et al. (2021). Timor deer with physical restraint in this study had a heart rate ranging between 84-136 beats/minute and a respiration rate ranging between 32-56 breaths/minute, while a study from Fitri et al. (2021) on anesthetized Timor deer in Malaysia had a heart rate ranging between 40-60 beats/minute and a respiration rate of 30-40 breaths/minute. ...\ \ ... The clinical values of Timor deer under physical restraint in this study are generally different from the clinical values of Timor deer anesthetized intramuscularly with ketamine-xylazine as chemical restraint, as reported by Fitri et al. (2021). Timor deer with physical restraint in this study had a heart rate ranging between 84-136 beats/minute and a respiration rate ranging between 32-56 breaths/minute, while a study from Fitri et al. (2021) on anesthetized Timor deer in Malaysia had a heart rate ranging between 40-60 beats/minute and a respiration rate of 30-40 breaths/minute. Deers are easily excitable species, and physical restraint can lead to clinical and hematological changes in the deer (Boes 2010;Caulkeet and Arnemo 2014;Mariti et al. 2019). ...\ \ [Clinical and Hematological Parameters of Captive Timor Deer (Rusa timorensis) under Physical Restraint](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362799432_Clinical_and_Hematological_Parameters_of_Captive_Timor_Deer_Rusa_timorensis_under_Physical_Restraint)\ \ Article\ \ Full-text available\ \ - Jun 2022\ \ - [![Virgilius Martin Kelake Kedang](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281237883869-1713725765899_Q64/Virgilius-Kedang.jpg)\\ Virgilius Martin Kelake Kedang](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Virgilius-Kedang)\ - [Anita Esfandiari](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Anita-Esfandiari-2137879623)\ - [![Arief Purwo Mihardi](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/635824056070147-1528603676647_Q64/Arief-Purwo-Mihardi.jpg)\\ Arief Purwo Mihardi](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arief-Purwo-Mihardi)\ - [Robby Wienanto](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Robby-Wienanto-2201541809)\ \ Timor deer (Rusa timorensis) is native species in Indonesia that faces many threatening issues. Studies related to the health aspects of Timor deer are considered essential to provide some information related to deer health management in captivity. Deer handling procedures in captivity in Indonesia are commonly carried out with physical restraint. Physical restraint in animals is known to cause various changes in animals’ clinical and hematological values. This study aimed to determine the clinical and hematological parameters of Timor deer under physical restraint in captivity. This study used ten Timor deer that consisted of five stags and five hinds. The deer was positioned in a chute, then continued with the physical examination and blood sampling. Parameters observed in this study are clinical and hematological parameters. This study showed that clinical parameters of Timor deer under physical restraint have significant differences between sex groups, except for respiration rate parameters. Hematological parameters of physically restrained Timor deer did not show significant differences between sex groups, except for basophil parameters. This study concluded that physical restraint could affect the clinical and hematological parameters of Timor deer.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362799432_Clinical_and_Hematological_Parameters_of_Captive_Timor_Deer_Rusa_timorensis_under_Physical_Restraint)\ \ Show abstract\ \ ... This drug is widely used in the fields of veterinary and human medicine to put patients to sleep during surgeries by reducing the amount of calcium influx into neurons and depressing the central nervous system (CNS). However, when given to rabbits as a single anesthetic, ketamine can induce skeletal muscle convulsions, deprived analgesic reflex response, and a traumatic recovery \[2\]. To enhance the anesthetic effects of ketamine in rabbits, we combined it with xylazine, an alpha 2 receptor agonist that acts by stimulating presynaptic adrenergic receptors, resulting in reduced catecholamine release from nerve endings. ...\ \ [Xylazine-Ketamine Outperforms Diazepam-Ketamine in Rabbit Anesthesia](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385150105_Xylazine-Ketamine_Outperforms_Diazepam-Ketamine_in_Rabbit_Anesthesia)\ \ Article\ \ Full-text available\ \ - Aug 2024\ \ - [![Mohammed R. Abduljaleel](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/900646312108033-1591742222065_Q64/Mohammed-Abduljaleel-3.jpg)\\ Mohammed R. Abduljaleel](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Abduljaleel-3)\ \ Background: Limited research on the effects of ketamine combinations on rabbit anesthesia underscores the need for safe and effective injectable methods. Specific Background: This study compares the efficacy and safety of two anesthetic combinations—xylazine-ketamine and diazepam-ketamine —in rabbits to address this gap. Knowledge Gap: Ketamine combinations are commonly used in rabbits, but there is limited data on their effects on analgesic properties and anesthesia duration. Aims: The study assesses the onset of righting reflex loss, analgesia duration, recumbency duration, and standing attempts in rabbits treated with XK and DK. Results: Ten healthy rabbits were administered XK (5 mg xylazine and 10 mg ketamine per kg) or DK (1 mg diazepam and 30 mg ketamine per kg) intramuscularly. The study found no significant difference in OLRR between the groups. Only XK produced significant analgesia (OA: 4.5±0.2 min, DA: 45.1±1.9 min), while DK showed no analgesic effect. DR and ATS were significantly shorter in XK (56.1±3.1 min and 7.3±0.7 min) compared to DK (121.1±7.5 min and 25.3±1.2 min). Novelty: The study compares XK and DK in rabbits, finding XK provides superior analgesia and faster recovery times, while DK is ineffective for pain management. Implications: The study indicates that XK is more effective for analgesic procedures, while DK is recommended for painful treatments with additional analgesics. Highlights: XK Provides Analgesia: Only Xylazine-Ketamine offers significant pain relief. Shorter Recovery Time: XK results in quicker recovery compared to DK. DK Needs Supplement: Diazepam-Ketamine requires additional analgesics for pain management. Keywords: Anesthesia, Xylazine-Ketamine, Diazepam-Ketamine, Rabbits, Analgesia\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385150105_Xylazine-Ketamine_Outperforms_Diazepam-Ketamine_in_Rabbit_Anesthesia)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Assessment of temperament in Rusa timorensis and its relationship to stress](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304834558_Assessment_of_temperament_in_Rusa_timorensis_and_its_relationship_to_stress)\ \ Article\ \ Full-text available\ \ - Mar 2015\ \ - [![Mohammed Bakari Mahre](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272252457451532-1441921452907_Q64/Mohammed-Mahre.jpg)\\ Mohammed Bakari Mahre](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahre)\ - [![Abd Wahid Haron](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272653038649365-1442016958198_Q64/Abd-Wahid-Haron.jpg)\\ Abd Wahid Haron](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abd-Wahid-Haron)\ - [Y. Rosnina](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Y-Rosnina-6029860)\ - [![Faez Firdaus](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Faez Firdaus](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Faez-Firdaus)\ \ The delayed domestication of Rusa timorensis may be associated with their poor temperament and to date there is no published information on the temperament of the farmed R. timorensis. Understanding of the R. timorensis temperament and selection program for its evaluation in a breeding herd is important not only for R. timorensis farming but also to other types of animal production. We investigated the temperament of R. timorensis (n = 17) raised in the tropics and determined its relationship with stress. A distance of 13.2 m was fixed for the measurement of flight times. Rusa timorensis hinds with rapid speed are considered temperamental. Each R. timorensis hind was earmarked for a crush test score between 1 and 5; 1 represents calm and 5 represents highly agitated R. timorensis. Stress was determined by measuring plasma cortisol using a cortisol RIA kit and live weight gain was determined by weighing the animals weekly. The hinds were aged using their date of birth records. We found a strong negative correlation between flight time, crush score, and plasma cortisol concentration (P < 0.05). Animals with very poor temperament have elevated plasma cortisol level and lower weight gain (P < 0.05). It was concluded that flight time, crush score, and plasma cortisol concentration could be used for selecting R. timorensis hinds based on temperament for the breeding herd. This method is quick and easy to implement on a farm; therefore, it remains the test choice for selecting animals based on temperament for the breeding herd. © 2015 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304834558_Assessment_of_temperament_in_Rusa_timorensis_and_its_relationship_to_stress)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Aspects of the husbandry and management of captive cervids](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299380182_Aspects_of_the_husbandry_and_management_of_captive_cervids)\ \ Article\ \ Full-text available\ \ - Mar 2016\ \ - [![Erin Mcnulty](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281190170223-1695236817287_Q64/Erin-Mcnulty-2.jpg)\\ Erin Mcnulty](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Erin-Mcnulty-2)\ - [![Anca Selariu](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Anca Selariu](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anca-Selariu)\ - [![Kelly Anderson](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Kelly Anderson](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kelly-Anderson-15)\ - [![Candace K Mathiason](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/945143381233664-1602351150206_Q64/Candace-Mathiason.jpg)\\ Candace K Mathiason](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Candace-Mathiason)\ \ In a continuing effort to better understand the transmission and persistence of chronic wasting disease in wild populations of cervids, Colorado State University, Fort Collins houses two species of deer indoors to study the pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease. Here we report key aspects regarding the husbandry and medication of Reeves' muntjac and white-tailed deer in captivity for research purposes.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299380182_Aspects_of_the_husbandry_and_management_of_captive_cervids)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Effects of Semen Extender on Motility and Movement Patterns of Frozen-thawed Eld's Deer (Cervus eldii) Spermatozoa](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288166859_Effects_of_Semen_Extender_on_Motility_and_Movement_Patterns_of_Frozen-thawed_Eld's_Deer_Cervus_eldii_Spermatozoa)\ \ Article\ \ Full-text available\ \ - Dec 2012\ \ - [![Sukuman Rittem](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/880571748192262-1586956073630_Q64/Sukuman-Rittem.jpg)\\ Sukuman Rittem](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sukuman-Rittem)\ - [![Daraka Tongthainan](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/321704251854848-1453711678520_Q64/Daraka-Tongthainan.jpg)\\ Daraka Tongthainan](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daraka-Tongthainan)\ - [![Wanlaya Tipkantha](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Wanlaya Tipkantha](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wanlaya-Tipkantha-2)\ - [![Nikorn Thongtip](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/278961855713280-1443521097128_Q64/Nikorn-Thongtip.jpg)\\ Nikorn Thongtip](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nikorn-Thongtip)\ \ Two semen samples of Siamese Eld,s deer (Cervus eldii siamensis: SED) and seven semen samples of Thamin Eld,s deer (Cervus eldii thamin: TED) were collected by using electroejaculation. Each ejaculate was diluted and cryopreserved with 2 extenders; 1) TRIS; and 2) modified BF5F supplemented with 5% final glycerol concentration. The movement patterns of frozen-thawed spermatozoa were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). In TED, the results revealed a significantly higher (p< 0.05) percentage of total motility (%TM), percentage of progressive motility (%PM), track speed (VCL) and lateral amplitude (ALH) in TRIS extender. The results also revealed a significantly low (p< 0.05) progressive velocity (VSL), straightness (STR) and linearity (LIN) in TRIS extender. However, for path velocity (VAP) and beat frequency (BCF), there were no differences between both extenders. In SED, sperm motility and sperm movement parameters did not show differences between TRIS and modified BF5F extenders. Findings from this study will aid in Eld's deer semen banking and artificial insemination success in the future.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288166859_Effects_of_Semen_Extender_on_Motility_and_Movement_Patterns_of_Frozen-thawed_Eld's_Deer_Cervus_eldii_Spermatozoa)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Physiological variations in reproductive and metabolic features of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bucks throughout the rutting season](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324498273_Physiological_variations_in_reproductive_and_metabolic_features_of_white-tailed_deer_Odocoileus_virginianus_bucks_throughout_the_rutting_season)\ \ Article\ \ - Apr 2018\ - THERIOGENOLOGY\ \ - [![Jamie L Stewart](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/861892419518464-1582502574205_Q64/Jamie-Stewart-7.jpg)\\ Jamie L Stewart](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jamie-Stewart-7)\ - [![Clifford F Shipley](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Clifford F Shipley](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Clifford-Shipley)\ - [![Robyn Ellerbrock](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/626545873920004-1526391585783_Q64/Robyn-Ellerbrock.jpg)\\ Robyn Ellerbrock](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robyn-Ellerbrock)\ - [![Igor Canisso](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/529884461768705-1503345708881_Q64/Igor-Canisso.jpg)\\ Igor Canisso](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Igor-Canisso)\ \ White-tailed deer farming is a growing industry in the United States, yet there is still a need to improve breeding practices in captive cervids. The objective of this study was to compare reproductive and somatic characteristics of white-tailed bucks early in the breeding season (September), at peak rut (December), and late breeding season (March). We hypothesized that reproductive parameters would improve at the peak of the breeding season. Young, mature bucks (n = 7–11, ages 2–3 yr) were anesthetized via projector with tiletamine-zolazepam and xylazine. Semen was collected by electroejaculation and evaluated for sperm output, motility, and morphology. The bulbourethral, vesicular, and prostate glands were measured by transrectal ultrasound. Body condition score, thoracic circumference, rump fat thickness, scrotal circumference, and testicular measurements were also recorded. Serum testosterone, estradiol, and IGF-I concentrations were measured. Body condition score and rump fat thickness were highest in September, intermediate in December, and lowest in March (p < 0.01), whereas thoracic circumference was lowest in September (p = 0.02). In September, serum IGF-I was highest (p < 0.01) and estradiol was lowest (p ≤ 0.02). Serum testosterone levels were lowest in March and highest in December (p < 0.01). Testicular volume and scrotal circumference were highest in September, intermediate in December, and lowest in March (p < 0.01). Bulbourethral gland length was greatest in March (p ≤ 0.05), whereas prostate length was greatest in September (p ≤ 0.02). Vesicular gland length and width were highest in December, intermediate in September, and lowest in March (p ≤ 0.02). Both overall and progressive sperm motilities were lowest in March (p < 0.01), but did not differ between September and December (p ≥ 0.12). In December, bucks had the highest percentage of normal sperm and lowest percentage of primary sperm defects (p ≤ 0.01). Collectively, our results demonstrated variation in reproductive and metabolic characteristics of white-tailed deer bucks throughout the breeding season at 40°N. The physiological variations described here will be useful for veterinarians and researchers performing reproductive evaluations in white-tailed deer bucks.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324498273_Physiological_variations_in_reproductive_and_metabolic_features_of_white-tailed_deer_Odocoileus_virginianus_bucks_throughout_the_rutting_season)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Digital massage for semen collection, evaluation and extension in Malaysian estuarine crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus )](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320495305_Digital_massage_for_semen_collection_evaluation_and_extension_in_Malaysian_estuarine_crocodile_Crocodylus_porosus)\ \ Article\ \ - Oct 2017\ - AQUACULTURE\ \ - [![Wan-Nor Fitri](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/868046692425728-1583969867170_Q64/Wan-Nor-Fitri.jpg)\\ Wan-Nor Fitri](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wan-Nor-Fitri)\ - [![Abd Wahid Haron](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272653038649365-1442016958198_Q64/Abd-Wahid-Haron.jpg)\\ Abd Wahid Haron](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abd-Wahid-Haron)\ - [![Rinalfi Putra](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/278602747793416-1443435479215_Q64/Rinalfi-Putra.jpg)\\ Rinalfi Putra](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rinalfi-Putra)\ - [Ab Aziz Abdul Malek](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Ab-Aziz-Abdul-Malek-2134126597)\ \ Study in semen of the estuarine crocodiles is limited partly due to the lack of knowledge on the semen collection method and their reproductive biology. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the possibility of semen collection via digital manipulation of the penis. Four matured male crocodiles kept in the same enclosure were physically restrained for semen collection. The collection was done in January 2015 during crocodiles mating season. Mean (± SEM) seminal volume, mass movement, pH, sperm concentration, general motility, forward movement, rotating and vibrating movements measured were 0.55 ± 0.12 ml, 2.75 ± 0.48, 7.13 ± 0.24, 396.88 ± 43.41 × 10⁶ sperm/ml, 45 ± 17.56%, 37.13 ± 5.12%, 9.56 ± 5.38% and 53.13 ± 1.92% respectively. The most important sperm abnormalities that requires further investigation is the cytoplasmic droplets which was 28.25 ± 2.29%. Sperm motility trend was best preserved in extender made up of 0.01 M PBS with 5% egg yolk. Sperm stored 4 °C in this extender had survived longer than the other two extender which was 11 days. There is a unique trend in the spike of spermatozoa motility post 48 h in chilled condition however the cause of such pattern is still unknown. Semen collection by digital manipulation of the penis was adequate in obtaining semen and the semen characteristics of the estuarine crocodile are described.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320495305_Digital_massage_for_semen_collection_evaluation_and_extension_in_Malaysian_estuarine_crocodile_Crocodylus_porosus)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Understanding margins of safe capture, chemical immobilization, and handling of free-ranging white-tailed deer](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319321343_Understanding_margins_of_safe_capture_chemical_immobilization_and_handling_of_free-ranging_white-tailed_deer)\ \ Article\ \ - Jun 2005\ \ - [Glenn D. DelGiudice](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Glenn-D-DelGiudice-11745625)\ - [Barry A. Sampson](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Barry-A-Sampson-53791609)\ - [David W. Kuehn](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/David-W-Kuehn-75908624)\ - [![John Fieberg](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272437782773803-1441965637892_Q64/John-Fieberg.jpg)\\ John Fieberg](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Fieberg)\ \ Improved understanding of the margins of safe capture, chemical immobilization, and handling of free-ranging animals for research and management relies on the documentation and examination of efforts involving various species, study designs, and environmental conditions. During 1991–2002 we had 984 captures and recaptures of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), primarily by Clover trap, under a wide range of winter weather conditions and in an area saturated with wolves (Canis lupus). We captured and recaptured 337 radiocollared females (0.5–15.5 years old) 652 times. Total capture-related mortality was 5.4% (35 of 652). The incidence of capture accidents (e.g., trauma-induced paralysis, death) was 2.9%, and mortality that occurred within 14 days of release was 2.5%. Mean time to mortality for this latter group was 6 days (SE = 1.1 days, n = 16); wolf predation within 11 days was the proximate cause of 50% of these mortalities. A priori, we selected immobilization time for analysis by logistic regression to test for a potential effect of capture and handling on mortality while controlling for known risk factors (age, winter severity) but found no significant effects. Additionally, subsequent comparisons of means and standard errors (SEs) showed no differences among numerous aspects of the capture, immobilization, handling, or associated weather conditions. Success in capture and handling of free-ranging deer results in smaller sample sizes of capture-related deaths (i.e., events), which makes it difficult to infer causal relations between environmental variables, handling procedures, and capture-related mortality. The strength of such studies is that they may serve to demonstrate a range of conditions (environmental variables and handling procedures) over which capture-related mortality can be controlled at acceptably low levels.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319321343_Understanding_margins_of_safe_capture_chemical_immobilization_and_handling_of_free-ranging_white-tailed_deer)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Assessment of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine combination as anesthesia for semen collection and evaluation of semen quality in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus )](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318693300_Assessment_of_butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine_combination_as_anesthesia_for_semen_collection_and_evaluation_of_semen_quality_in_white-tailed_deer_Odocoileus_virginianus)\ \ Article\ \ - Jul 2017\ \ - [![Stephen M. Kirschner](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ Stephen M. Kirschner](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Kirschner-2)\ - [![R. Rodenkirch](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)\\ R. Rodenkirch](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R-Rodenkirch)\ \ The aim of this current study was to evaluate the level of anesthesia produced by a combination of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) for semen collection by electroejaculation on captive white-tailed bucks (Odocoileus virginianus). Ten male white-tailed deer, weighing 68.2–115.9 kg, ranging in age from one to four years were randomly selected from housing pens and anesthetized with the BAM drug combination at a dose volume of 2.0 mL each. Semen was collected from each animal using a standard cervid electroejaculation protocol while under BAM anesthesia. Physiological data was recorded following induction of anesthesia and during semen collection. Collected ejaculates were prepared for analysis using a standard extender protocol for cryopreservation. Eleven sperm viability parameters were quantified for each sample using a Computerized Assisted Sperm Analysis system, including total seminal volume; sperm concentration and total sperm number. kinematic parameters of motile spermatozoa were also assessed. Results demonstrated that BAM provided an effective plane of anesthesia for successful collection of viable sperm. Measured physiological variables of heart rate, respiration and body temperature all remained within safe, normal limits. Data recorded on semen characteristics from all collected ejaculates correlated well with key traits determined to be important for successful fertilization through measurement of total semen volume; sperm concentration; total sperm number; and kinematic parameters of motile spermatozoa. There were no serious adverse events. This field study indicates that BAM anesthesia is suitable for semen collection in white-tailed deer.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318693300_Assessment_of_butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine_combination_as_anesthesia_for_semen_collection_and_evaluation_of_semen_quality_in_white-tailed_deer_Odocoileus_virginianus)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Usefulness of an injectable anaesthetic protocol for semen collection through urethral catheterisation in domestic cats](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310585639_Usefulness_of_an_injectable_anaesthetic_protocol_for_semen_collection_through_urethral_catheterisation_in_domestic_cats)\ \ Article\ \ - Nov 2016\ - J FELINE MED SURG\ \ - [![Maria Carmela Pisu](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/960603271225344-1606037075464_Q64/Maria-Pisu-4.jpg)\\ Maria Carmela Pisu](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria-Pisu-4)\ - [![Patrizia Ponzio](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/273684275396617-1442262824948_Q64/Patrizia-Ponzio.jpg)\\ Patrizia Ponzio](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Patrizia-Ponzio)\ - [Chiara Rovella](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Chiara-Rovella-2118228028)\ - [Maria Cristina Veronesi](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Maria-Cristina-Veronesi-2091709462)\ \ Objectives\ Although less often requested in comparison with dogs, the collection of semen in cats can be necessary for artificial insemination, for semen evaluation in tom cats used for breeding and for semen storage. Urethral catheterisation after pharmacological induction with medetomidine has proved to be useful for the collection of semen in domestic cats. However, most of the previously used protocols require the administration of high doses of medetomidine that can increase the risk of side effects, especially on the cardiovascular system. In routine clinical practice, one safe and useful injectable anaesthetic protocol for short-term clinical investigations or surgery in cats involves premedication with low intramuscular doses of dexmedetomidine with methadone, followed by intravenous propofol bolus injection. We aimed to assess the usefulness of this injectable anaesthetic protocol for semen collection, via urethral catheterisation, in domestic cats.\ \ Methods\ The study was performed on 38 purebred, adult cats, during the breeding season, and semen was collected via urethral catheterisation using an injectable anaesthesia protocol with methadone (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) premedication, followed by induction with propofol.\ \ Results\ The anaesthetic protocol used in the present study allowed the collection of large-volume semen samples, characterised by good parameters and without side effects.\ \ Conclusions and relevance\ The results from the present study suggest that the injectable anaesthetic protocol using methadone and dexmedetomidine premedication, followed by induction with propofol, could be suitable and safe for the collection of a good-quality semen sample, via urethral catheterisation, in domestic cats. It can therefore be used as an alternative to previous medetomidine-based sedation protocols.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310585639_Usefulness_of_an_injectable_anaesthetic_protocol_for_semen_collection_through_urethral_catheterisation_in_domestic_cats)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [Synchronization and Artificial Insemination Strategies in Beef Cattle](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301772918_Synchronization_and_Artificial_Insemination_Strategies_in_Beef_Cattle)\ \ Article\ \ - Apr 2016\ \ - [![Graham Clifford Lamb](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272383609143304-1441952721203_Q64/Graham-Lamb.jpg)\\ Graham Clifford Lamb](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Graham-Lamb)\ - [![Vitor Rodrigues Gomes Mercadante](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/396211602378757-1471475615300_Q64/Vitor-Mercadante.jpg)\\ Vitor Rodrigues Gomes Mercadante](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vitor-Mercadante)\ \ Utilization of estrus or ovulation synchronization and fixed-timed artificial insemination (TAI) has facilitated the widespread utilization of artificial insemination (AI) and can greatly impact the economic viability of cow-calf systems by enhancing weaning weights. Implementation of TAI programs by beef producers results in limited frequency of handling cattle and elimination of the need to detect estrus. Continued use of intensive reproductive management tools such as estrus synchronization and AI will result positive changes to calving distribution, pregnancy rates, and subsequent calf value.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301772918_Synchronization_and_Artificial_Insemination_Strategies_in_Beef_Cattle)\ \ Show abstract\ \ [A Stochastic Model to Compare Breeding System Costs for Synchronization of Estrus and Artificial Insemination to Natural Service](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284626077_A_Stochastic_Model_to_Compare_Breeding_System_Costs_for_Synchronization_of_Estrus_and_Artificial_Insemination_to_Natural_Service)\ \ Article\ \ - Dec 2008\ \ - [S.K. Johnson](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/SK-Johnson-2085685932)\ - [R.D. Jones](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/RD-Jones-2085706726)\ \ A stochastic model was used to compare costs of natural-service breeding with several synchronization of estrus and AI systems and to identify important factors in determining the differences in expected economic returns between systems. Three herd sizes, 3 cow-to-bull ratios, and 7 systems for synchronization of estrus were examined. Stochastic variables in the model included bull purchase price, percent calf crop, calf price, AI conception rate, cull bull value, cull bull weight, genetic value premium of AI-sired calf, heat detection rate, season pregnancy rate, semen cost, and synchronized calf weight advantage. The AI systems were more cost effective at lower cow-to-bull ratios. Compared with natural service, heat detection and cleanup fixed-time AI synchronization systems were economically preferred 33% of the time, 41% for strict fixed-time AI, and 49% for heat detection only systems. Heat detection only systems in large herds using low cow-to-bull ratios demonstrated a net economic advantage relative to natural service 85% of the time. Genetic value premiums and semen cost were consistently included in the top 3 factors that determined expected economic differences between natural service and AI systems across herd sizes and cow-to-bull ratios. Variability in bull purchase price was the most important factor when the cow-to-bull ratio was low. Estrus synchronization and AI were economically advantageous compared with natural service when a sufficient genetic value premium could be obtained from AI-sired calves.\ \ [View](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284626077_A_Stochastic_Model_to_Compare_Breeding_System_Costs_for_Synchronization_of_Estrus_and_Artificial_Insemination_to_Natural_Service)\ \ Show abstract\ \ Show more\ \ **We and our partners use cookies** ✕\ \ By using this site, you consent to the processing of your personal data, the storing of cookies on your device, and the use of similar technologies for personalization, ads, analytics, etc. For more information or to opt out, see our [Privacy Policy](https://www.researchgate.net/privacy-policy)